Although I'm sure, many of today's pagans come about their beliefs by some means or other not altogether dissimilar to those above proposed they often remain at that level and rarely develop into fully thought out convictions beyond a flirtation with mysterious rites, which if such cults as those of Mithra or Demeter are anything to go by, the ancient world is full.
Modern day religions (an anachronism if there ever was one. There are no modern religions, only the few that have survived the attrition of history) inevitably find paganism as one of its threats, as a viable alternative to which people may (re)turn. It's no surprise that the very image of the demon in the Christian faith is modeled on the pagan god Pan, whose name meaning "all" came to be a convenient representative for all that paganism is supposed to have stood for. Yet what one may wish to mean by pagan should not be defined by centuries of church dogma, nor necessarily in a religious sense at all.
The pagan world was of course full of the most basely superstitious people one could image, along with, one assumes, the occasional genuinely elevated and pious believer. Yet it was not a society wholly made up of these kinds of people. Those who come up with new creation myths in any society should not be lumped together with those who rigidly follow them for centuries without thinking to update their ideas to current knowledge. In essence creation myths (the bible included) were probably the work of open minded people trying to engage, to the best of their ability despite the limitations of the times, with the same issues which plague us still. (How did the world begin? What is the meaning of life? Etc) These people deserve to be recognised as belonging not to the tradition of religions, as we have been lead to believe, but to what I like to call Democritus' tradition. Early attempts are only failures if they are enforced as the absolute truth, in a time before the actual truth was capable of being realised. If we forget these tales as the unquestionable foundation stones of religious edifices, and come to think of them rather as malleable first steps in the right direction on the way towards further enlightenment, their despotic enforcers will lose their previously unobstructed single right in deciding the context of their meaning.
Democritus was a philosopher now known as one of the "pre-socratics". As very little of his work survives he has been relegated, along with others of his time such as Heraclitus, to a position of minor importance in the history of philosophy. It is no surprise that the direction Socrates, Plato and Aristotle took was diametrically opposed to the real spirit of Greek philosophy, leading the way towards Christian ideas, which plainly shows why it was to be these thinkers whose works were to survive mostly intact.
Democritus continues in the good tradition of the creation myth theorists, and goes one step further. It is to him that we attribute the idea that the gods do not meddle in human affairs (they really aren't that petty minded) and that the universe is made up of atoms. Moreover he is one of the first along with Thales and Anaximander to use practical scientific observation and experiment to prove his theories. Of course the equipment to prove his ideas was still centuries away, yet if his kind of enquiry had been left to flourish it would probably have been discovered a lot sooner. However, the Socratic method of Plato was to come to dominate philosophical enquiry. Pure contemplative abstract truths of the mind were to take precedence over vulgar mercantile practical demonstrations. Another bad consequence of slavery was the fact that anyone who got their hands dirty actually doing practical experiments would not be taken seriously. Philosophy and scientific enquiry were not to be recovered until Leonardo's time in the late 1400's. Yet as broken as it is, there is a linage from Democritus, through Epicurus and the Roman poet Lucretius, rediscovered in the renaissance, to the humanists, Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo and ultimately to the enlightenment on towards Jefferson and the founding fathers of the United States.
Drawing our little discussion to a close we can see that being pagan today does not necessarily designate being of a superstitious nature or returning to more primitive forms of belief. It is on the contrary the same tradition of science that one hopes is still correcting its mistakes and not getting entrenched in dogma. That way was the downfall of religion. As wrong as Democritus and Epicurus were, they were the only ones going in the right direction. Now is not the time to engage in could and should have beens, but to be clear about where to go forward from here. To be a pagan today is to pay homage to all the early creation myth theorisers, first failed experimenters and ethical philosophers of the ancient world. It is not the commonly assumed excuse for the decadent profligacy of the Roman ruling classes, nor the popular (then as now) spectacle of violence in the arena that one means to legitimise when saying that one is a pagan. Rather it is the philosophers' world of enlightenment, betterment and curiosity that we seek to emulate without reducing ourselves to the unfortunately primitive limitations of their times. The religious minded must not be allowed to continue with the delusion that they are somehow in a privileged position of authority regarding either ethics, origins or even eschatological issues. As a pagan one assumes the responsibility of advancing upon all ancient and modern knowledge which, despite centuries of set backs, has brought us to an understanding of the world which Democritus would certainly have marvelled at.
Diaspora, a well thought-out and enlightened, and enlightening, analysis. While you urge us not to dwell in "what if's" it is difficult not to. The horrifying situations we see today are a direct outcome of this dark period's seizure of idea / thought / curiosity into dogma. Shockingly enforced dogma.
ResponderEliminarYour thoughts about the way forward can also, however, be applied to today's descendants of Democritus, the science industry. One can see this slowly, or not so slowly, also descending into a petrified hierarchy.
I agree that the way forward is to allow free thought, and it's sometimes consequent mistakes. And rather than allowing ourselves to clutch mistakes to our chests, to be open to movements beyond them. To allow ourselves to toss mistakes away. To allow ourselves to allow ourselves to be open to wider angles and broader vistas.
Outside of the superstitious origins of Paganism, a necessary feature at that time of little knowledge, it seems to me the word "Pagan" is more consistent with a sense of wonderment and curiosity. Drop the superstition, add open-mindedness, and we have the modern Pagan.
Thanks for commenting. As I once said: when a scientist sees that an experiment has failed he returns to square one. God is an unscientific being in that he perseveres with his first failed attempt and refuses to learn from his mistakes.
EliminarI agree that it's a little naive believing that all scientists are free from vested interests. They can equally resist paradigm shifts even when the evidence stares them in the face, just as with other fields of inquiry such as archaeology. Yet this is of course what happens when we think of science in the limited sense of something tied to capitalism and should not make us forget that the scientific method is still the best way we have of knowing, if not what ultimately the truth of such matters may be, at least what is currently the most likely probability. The problem is not necessarily just religions, but any way of thinking that is prone to rigidity and dogma. This is why I would like to reclaim the ¨religious¨ thinkers of times gone past by recognising that they too, to the best of their ability, were only trying to understand the world in which they found themselves.
Ethical considerations of course are of another matter, something to which I'll return another time....